For the most part, the argument goes that the basis for imposing tariffs, the declaration of a national emergency under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act of 1977 (IEEPA), is a pointless circle, since it’s the president who gets to decide and declare the existence of an emergency. But the New Civil Liberties Alliance has brought suit against Trump under a different theory, challenging his initial tariffs against China.
The complaint alleges that Trump’s executive orders raising tariffs on Chinese imports exceed the statutory authority of the IEEPA, and that a ruling upholding this assumed authority would violate the nondelegation doctrine, which prohibits Congress from transferring to other branches of government “powers which are strictly and exclusively legislative.” When Congress does delegate its power, it must provide an intelligible principle, i.e., “a legal framework to constrain the authority of the delegee.” The suit argues that the IEEPA contains no such principle vis-à-vis tariffs, which are nowhere mentioned in the statute.

