Walter Olson at Point of Law explores the question of whether the inflammatory rhetoric that’s hit the fan this week violates a legal duty, under an incitement to riot analysis as argued by Susan Kuo at Concurring Opinions.
[Do] the GOP candidates might have a “legal duty” to tone down their attacks, lest supporters of theirs commit (still-hypothetical) acts of impulsive rage that would never have taken place otherwise. Invoking the Model Penal Code, she explores the possibility of assigning criminal responsibility to the candidates for not cooling it with their language despite the knowledge that there are unhinged partisans out there.
This is one of the reasons why people hate lawyers. Too often, we see something that has the possibility of doing harm, and try to fit it into a legal paradigm despite a clearly bad fit, and certain prematurity. When I first saw Kuo’s post, it seemed too obvious for words that no one in the McCain camp, and most assuredly not McCain himself, sought to incite anyone to violence.
Did he want to incite them to a passionate support of his candidacy? Absolutely. But that’s precisely what all candidates seek. One doesn’t become an accomplice to a crime because some nutjob in the audience, boiling over with rage and righteous indignation, decides to make a left turn toward harming the other candidate instead of a right turn into the voting booth.
At PrawfsBlawg, Howard Wasserman confronts the ugly lawyer tendency to frame issues in terms of law, distinguishing ugly rhetoric from criminal conduct.
“I cannot buy the notion being floated that anything unlawful is happening. … ugliness is not unlawfulness. And whatever criticism the [Republican] campaign warrants for engaging in personal attacks and riling up the crowd, charges of engaging in ‘borderline incitement’ should not be among them.”
What is happening reflects a judgment issue, where one can properly question whether, in the zeal of the campaign, either strategy or heat has led candidates to push too hard, go too far, turn up the heat too high, so that the net result is beyond their intended goal and will lend itself to going to a place that no rational person wants.
As I contended yesterday, I believe that John McCain has come to realize that his campaign’s rhetoric has gone too far, giving rise to the wrong reaction in some unhinged supporters. I believe that he recognizes that he has created a real problem, and would like to rein in the rage, but has to figure out how to do so without making himself and his running mate not look foolish or cause the angry crowd to turn its rage on them. Being booed at your own rally isn’t easy to do.
But this isn’t a legal issue, and John McCain has not become a “willing co-conspirator,” as he bizarrely accused some Democratic legislators the other day, in a plot to harm Obama. It’s just inflammatory rhetoric gone too far, and instead of reflecting poorly on Obama’s judgment, it calls into question his own.
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My layman’s understanding of the case law here is that a speaker can be as inflammatory as he wants as long as he does not urge that the crowd harm some specific person or persons or otherwise urge that the crowd perform some specific illegal act. The deal being specificity.
Undoubtedly there are some fuzzy fringes on the edges here but from that standard, it’s pretty clear that McCain/Palin haven’t stepped over the line. They have not, as far as I know, urged their crowd to perform any specific illegal act. Their conduct appears abhorrent, but not illegal.
And my layman’s understanding is that a candidate urging voting for him, because the other candidate would be a bad choice, isn’t either abhorrent or unlawful. What both McCain and Palin have been urging their supporters to do is vote for them, and encourage others to do so.
That said, I haven’t heard either of them specifically urging their supporters not to murder anybody. Same’s true of Obama, Biden, Nader, and others.
And my layman’s understanding is unavailable this weekend, having left for the coast, so I guess I’ll just have to live with you guys’ laymen’s understanding.
But if I was a lawyer, I would look here for the jury charge or here (scroll down for P.L. 240.08) for the elements of incitement to riot in New York. That would be in lieu of guessing, but that’s just me.
The gold standard is Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969). This is what allows G. Gordon Liddy to discuss the best way to kill BATF agents on his talk show. I have not heard anything from the McCain camp thus far that goes anywhere near that level of advocacy of violence. As for the NY riot law, since I am not in NY I’ll have to pass on commenting on it. I presume that there is significant case law bringing it into line with the Brandenburg test. Or maybe not, given the jury charge that you give a link to here.
In any event, it’s clear your conclusion is correct — while McCain/Palin’s conduct is dismaying, it is not illegal. They have at no time advocated committing any violence or any illegal acts, much less specific ones.
It’s certainly a relief to know that you agree with my conclusion.