At Volokh Conspiracy, Orin Kerr discusses oral argument in the Rodriguez case, which apparently departed from its stated issue (how long after the completion of a traffic stop may a person be detained for the purpose of conducting a dog sniff). Both Orin and I agreed that the only doctrinal answer was that upon completion of the traffic stop, there was no constitutional basis to continue to detain a person, and no further detention, even de minimis, could be permitted.
The notable aspect of the argument is that the Justices were more interested in the broad issue of how long traffic stops can last than the narrow question raised in the cert petition. I read the cert petition as raising a pretty specific question: When a traffic stop is over, can the government extend the stop for a dog sniff, and if so, for how long? The narrow cert grant posed a bit of a problem because the Supreme Court has said little about how long traffic stops can extend generally. Without a theory of how long stops can last generally, it may be hard to answer what to do with specific question of delays at the end of a stop. As a result, several of the Justices wanted a general test for how long traffic stops should extend.
Rodriguez’s counsel got caught short, not anticipating that argument would head in this direction. It’s actually an excellent question and one that must be answered if there is to be given any meaning to when the traffic stop is done and the extension begins. After all, the entirety of the stop can be easily gamed if the cop simply holds the driver’s license and registration until the dog arrives, whether that takes ten minutes or two hours. Continue reading →